Application of Biochar Functionalized with Layered Double Hydroxides: Improved Plant Growth Performance after Use as Phosphate Adsorbent

The objective of this study was to verify the feasibility using biochar, functionalized with layered double hydroxides, as a fertilizer after its use in phosphate treatment (P-BC-LDHs). It conducted several levels P-BC-LDHs seed germination and early growth assays lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). application resulted successful seedling emergence, an excellent capacity over 96% for all treatments. However, compared controls, did not provide favorable traits. In contrast, latter experiments, cultivated under mixtures P-BC-LDHs, particularly at rate 2.5% (w/w), displayed superior quality those non-treated conditions. length shoots roots from optimal dosage were increased by least 24% untreated samples. A 17% reduction biomass yield observed samples non-supplemented substrates. nutrient release profiles showed that capable slowly supplying phosphorus, thereby increasing long-term availability plants. findings reported here important insights into these materials confirm can be used agricultural purposes remediation applications. results constructive information facilitate implementation biochar-based LDH composites sustainable removal recovery.